Evidence library
Bibliographic records and reader-friendly guides to sources cited by the journal.
Journal article · 2015
J Clin Invest
Autoimmune disease involves more than an immune system attacking the wrong target once. A reaction can begin before symptoms, sustain itself through inflammation and tissue damage, and later subside or flare again. This paper explains those…
Journal article · 2008
Annual Review of Physiology
Journal article · 2018
Nat Rev Cardiol
Journal article · 2015
AGE
A weaker appetite in later life is not always a simple response to needing less food. The authors describe how even otherwise healthy older people may struggle to regulate intake and lose weight. They call this…
Journal article · 2012
J Clin Invest
Thyroid hormone can affect the brain, heart, bones, and metabolism differently, even though those tissues share the same blood supply. Its effects depend on how cells take up the hormone, convert it to an active form,…
Journal article · 2019
International Journal of Molecular Sciences
A cell membrane is not just a wrapper: its ingredients help determine what the cell can do. Lipids, the fat-like molecules in membranes, influence shape, movement, and the organization of proteins that carry signals. Membranes also…
Journal article · 2021
Nutrients
Creatine matters wherever cells need to match energy supply to rapidly changing demand. This paper brings together biochemical research, animal and human findings, and protein databases to explain how that happens. Creatine kinase, an enzyme, transfers…
Journal article · 2021
Annual Review of Nutrition
Ketones become more important when carbohydrate availability falls, but their effects extend beyond supplying fuel. The liver produces most circulating ketones from fat, and other tissues use them for energy or respond to them as signals.…
Journal article · 2025
eGastroenterology
Journal article · 2005
Journal of Applied Physiology
Journal article · 2023
Nat Rev Cardiol
Journal article · 2020
Essays Biochem
Metabolism is often discussed as a single rate, but the underlying chemistry is a network of connected jobs. This paper explains how cells release energy from nutrients and use that energy to build and maintain their…
Journal article · 2016
Progress in lipid research
Book chapter · 2017
Feingold KR, Adler RA, Ahmed SF, et al., editors
Journal article · 2022
Free Radic Biol Med
What happens to vitamin E after absorption may matter as much as which form enters the body. The liver breaks different forms down at different rates, producing smaller compounds called metabolites. Some of these compounds have…
Journal article · 2008
Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil
Journal article · 2026
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
A body-composition method can look accurate across a group while being wrong for an individual. In one validation example involving human skeletal-muscle estimates, a single-frequency bioimpedance equation differed from MRI by only −0.02 kilograms on average.…
Journal article · 2025
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
A body-composition number becomes useful only when its label tells you what was counted. An international working group addresses confusion between the body's chemical components, tissues, and whole-body measurements. Its framework uses 5 levels, from atoms…
Journal article · 2015
International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism
A scan can report a body-composition change even when body tissue has not meaningfully changed. DXA uses low-dose X-rays to estimate fat, lean tissue, and bone mineral, but its results depend on how the assessment is…
Journal article · 2022
Sports Med
