Oxidative Rancidity
Oxidative rancidity develops when fats react with oxygen, forming compounds that give foods unwanted odors and flavors even without microbial spoilage.
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Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS)
Delayed onset muscle soreness causes tenderness after unfamiliar exercise, but soreness intensity does not directly measure muscle damage.
Oral Carbohydrate Sensing
Oral carbohydrate sensing detects sugars and some other carbohydrates in the mouth before swallowing, through signals not always explained by sweetness.
Maltodextrin
Maltodextrin is a starch-derived mixture of glucose chains that tastes only mildly sweet and can be digested into glucose in the small intestine.
Inhibitory Control
Inhibitory control helps people resist automatic responses or distracting information when those responses or distractions conflict with a goal.
Processing Speed
Processing speed describes how quickly people carry out mental tasks accurately, with test scores reflecting the demands of each task.
Mechanical Work in Human Movement
Mechanical work in human movement measures energy transferred when force moves an object, unlike metabolic energy used by the body during activity.
Metabolizable Energy
Metabolizable energy measures food energy remaining after digestive and other losses, rather than the total energy released when food is burned.
Food Matrix
The food matrix describes how nutrients are arranged within a food, shaping how those nutrients are released during digestion and become available.
Neural Adaptations to Resistance Training
Neural adaptations to resistance training change how the nervous system activates muscles, helping explain strength gains without equivalent muscle growth.
Dual-Task Interference
Dual-task interference reduces performance when two tasks overlap in time, compared with performing each task separately under experimental conditions.
Starch Retrogradation
Starch retrogradation occurs when gelatinized starch chains reorganize during cooling, changing the texture and digestibility of starchy foods.
Resistant Starch
Resistant starch escapes digestion in the small intestine and reaches the colon, where gut microbes can ferment it into short-chain fatty acids.
Surface Electromyography (sEMG)
Surface electromyography records electrical signals from muscles through skin electrodes, but signal size does not directly measure force or strength.
Angular Momentum
Angular momentum describes motion around a reference point or axis, accounting for how mass moves and where that movement occurs.
Nitrate–Nitrite–Nitric Oxide Pathway
The nitrate–nitrite–nitric oxide pathway converts nitrate through nitrite to nitric oxide, with local conditions shaping how much forms.
Oral Microbiota
Oral microbiota form interacting communities in the mouth, where local conditions shape how resident microorganisms contribute to oral health.
Cerebral Autoregulation
Cerebral autoregulation helps brain blood vessels limit changes in blood flow when driving pressure shifts, but cannot keep flow perfectly constant.
Systemic Vascular Resistance
Systemic vascular resistance describes how strongly the body's blood vessels oppose blood flow, helping determine arterial pressure alongside cardiac output.
Food-Contact Material Migration
Food-contact material migration transfers chemicals from packaging or utensils into food, with the amount shaped by materials and contact conditions.
Sleep Onset Latency
Sleep onset latency measures the time needed to fall asleep after trying to sleep, rather than all the time spent in bed before sleep begins.
Ferritin
Ferritin stores iron within cells, while blood levels help assess the body's reserves but can also rise with inflammation or infection.
Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids
Anabolic-androgenic steroids act through androgen receptors to promote muscle growth and support male secondary sexual characteristics.
Heart Failure
Heart failure means the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs because the heart contracts poorly, fills inadequately, or both.
Interpersonal Synchrony
Interpersonal synchrony describes how people's behavior or bodily activity aligns in time, even when people perform different actions.
Myrosinase
Myrosinase starts the breakdown of glucosinolates when plant tissue damage brings the enzyme into contact with these compounds.
Sulforaphane
Sulforaphane forms from glucoraphanin through a process started by myrosinase, so the precursor amount does not directly show the final yield.
Glucoraphanin
Glucoraphanin can turn into sulforaphane, but the amount reaching the body depends partly on active myrosinase and varies without the plant enzyme.
Active Cool-Down
An active cool-down can lower blood lactate faster after exercise, but evidence does not consistently show less soreness or better next-day performance.
2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG)
2-AG is a lipid messenger made by the body that can reduce neurotransmitter release through cannabinoid receptors before enzymes break the signal down.
A Band
The A band is the region of a sarcomere that spans the full length of the thick, myosin-containing filaments in striated muscle. It lies near the center of each sarcomere and appears darker than the neighboring …
A1 Receptor
The A1 receptor, or A1 adenosine receptor, is a cell-surface receptor that responds to the signaling molecule adenosine. It is one of four known adenosine receptor subtypes, alongside A2A, A2B, and A3. All four belong to …
A2A Receptor
The A2A receptor, or A2A adenosine receptor, is a cell-surface receptor activated by the signaling molecule adenosine. It is one of four adenosine receptor subtypes, alongside A1, A2B, and A3, and belongs to the G-protein-coupled receptor …
ADP
ADP, or adenosine diphosphate, is a nucleotide that plays a central role in cellular energy metabolism. It consists of adenosine, which contains the nitrogenous base adenine and the sugar ribose, attached to two phosphate groups. ADP …
ATP
ATP, or adenosine triphosphate, is a nucleotide that serves as a central carrier of usable chemical energy in cells. It consists of adenosine, which contains the nitrogenous base adenine and the sugar ribose, attached to a …
ATP Hydrolysis
ATP hydrolysis is the chemical reaction in which adenosine triphosphate (ATP) reacts with water and is converted into products with lower free energy. Most commonly, ATP is hydrolyzed to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate. ATP …
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range
The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) is a recommended range for the proportion of total dietary energy that comes from a macronutrient. It was developed to identify intake ranges associated with adequate intake of essential nutrients …
Acetabulum
The acetabulum is the cup-shaped socket on the lateral aspect of the hip bone that receives the head of the femur, or thigh bone. Together, the acetabulum and femoral head form the hip joint, a ball-and-socket …
Acetate
Acetate is the negatively charged conjugate base of acetic acid, a two-carbon short-chain fatty acid. In human physiology, it is one of the principal short-chain fatty acids associated with the gut, together with propionate and butyrate. …
Acetylcholine
Acetylcholine, abbreviated ACh, is a small-molecule neurotransmitter used for chemical signaling in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is especially important at the neuromuscular junction, where motor neurons release acetylcholine to activate skeletal muscle …
Actin
Actin is a highly conserved protein that forms one of the major components of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells. Individual actin molecules, called globular actin or G-actin, can assemble into long helical polymers known as filamentous …
Action Potential
An action potential is a rapid, temporary change in the electrical potential across the membrane of an excitable cell. Action potentials allow electrical signals to travel along neurons and also occur in other excitable cells, including …
Acute Exercise Response
An acute exercise response is a short-term change during or after one session, distinct from adaptations that develop through repeated training.
Acute Inflammation
Acute inflammation rapidly recruits vascular and immune responses to harmful stimuli, helping contain the trigger and prepare damaged tissue for repair.
Adaptive Thermogenesis
Adaptive thermogenesis is a regulated change in energy expenditure that occurs in response to changes in energy balance. In body-weight research, the term commonly refers to a change in energy expenditure that differs from what would …
Adenosine
Adenosine is a purine nucleoside composed of the nitrogen-containing base adenine joined to the five-carbon sugar ribose. A nucleoside consists of a nitrogenous base and a sugar but no phosphate group. Addition of phosphate groups to …
Adenosine Receptor Antagonist
An adenosine receptor antagonist is a substance that binds to an adenosine receptor and reduces or prevents its activation by adenosine. Adenosine is an endogenous signaling molecule that acts through four G-protein-coupled receptor subtypes: A1, A2A, …
Adiposity
Adiposity refers to the amount or proportion of fat in the body. It is a body-composition concept and can be expressed as total fat mass or as body fat percentage, which describes fat mass relative to …