Evidence library
Bibliographic records and reader-friendly guides to sources cited by the journal.
Journal article · 2022
Frontiers in Nutrition
Can a single blood sugar score tell you whether a carbohydrate food improves your diet? The author argues that the glycemic index cannot capture a food’s full nutritional contribution or the meal around it. In mixed-meal…
Journal article · 2022
Frontiers in Sports and Active Living
Recovering from a sudden slip is not the same skill as holding a steady pose. Perturbation-based balance training deliberately creates an unexpected loss of stability so a person practices a quick recovery step or reach, with…
Journal article · 2022
Frontiers in pharmacology
Journal article · 2021
The Lancet
Journal article · 2015
Pharmacology Research & Perspectives
The intestine does more than absorb the nutrients in a meal: it also detects them and sends messages about what has arrived. Specialized hormone-releasing cells make up less than 1% of the intestinal lining, yet the…
Journal article · 2018
Physiological Reviews
Adenosine is better understood as a local message than as a substance with one fixed effect. Cells produce it during metabolism, and it acts through four receptor types: A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. Receptors are proteins…
Book chapter · 2025
University of Washington, Seattle
Journal article · 2025
Genetics in Medicine
For people with phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency, nutrition is part of medical treatment, not simply a lifestyle preference. This condition affects the processing of phenylalanine, a protein building block. The authors strongly recommend lifelong treatment when untreated…
Book · 2018
Department of Health and Human Services
Journal article · 2019
Medicine and science in sports and exercise
Journal article · 2022
American Journal of Preventive Cardiology
How much exercise helps the heart, and how should the effort be chosen? Physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness are related but distinct: one describes movement, the other the capacity to sustain it. The authors connect evidence…
Journal article · 1985
Public Health Reports
A busy day, a planned workout, and being physically fit are related, but they describe different things. Physical activity is movement produced by skeletal muscles that uses energy. Exercise is the planned, structured, repeated part of…
Journal article · 2017
Front Physiol
Why can a muscle resist a load with relatively little energy while it lengthens? Eccentric contractions combine high force with a lower energy cost than shortening contractions. The authors examine how titin, a large spring-like protein…
Journal article · 2016
Autonomic Neuroscience
Body water is part of the cooling system, not just something lost during sweating. The authors describe how a fluid deficit changes the responses that help release heat. They identify a water deficit equivalent to at…
Journal article · 2019
Pflugers Arch
Phosphate balance is about more than how much phosphorus a meal contains. This paper explains how the intestine, bones, kidneys, and hormones keep phosphate available for essential functions while controlling losses. Phosphate forms part of energy-carrying…
Journal article · 2016
Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology
What happens between swallowing a nutrient and getting it into the bloodstream? The intestinal lining is not the same from one end to the other. Its regions have different structures and functions, while its cells have…
Journal article · 2018
Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America
Journal article · 2025
Current Obesity Reports
Keeping weight off raises a different biological question from losing it. The paper examines recent research on why weight returns after lifestyle changes, surgery or medication. In one study it discusses, people who stopped semaglutide after…
Journal article · 2019
Temperature
Journal article · 2020
Annual Review of Physiology
