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International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · 2021

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Daniel Collado-Mateo, Ana Myriam Lavín-Pérez, Cecilia Peñacoba, Juan Del Coso, Marta Leyton-Román, Antonio Luque-Casado, Pablo Gasque, Miguel Ángel Fernández-del-Olmo, Diana Amado-Alonso

Key Factors Associated with Adherence to Physical Exercise in Patients with Chronic Diseases and Older Adults: An Umbrella Review

MDPI AG. 18(4). 2023.

Study type
Umbrella review of exercise adherence
Review basis
Full text reviewed

Sticking with exercise is partly a question of whether the plan fits the person. Evidence from 55 earlier reviews focused on people with chronic diseases and older adults identified 14 recurring factors linked to participation. These included suitable exercise, professional support, enjoyment, understandable feedback, and fitting activity into daily life. Tailored exercise appeared in 21 reviews, while progress information appeared in 17. Those counts show how often an issue was identified, not how much it improved attendance. The main message is that continued participation depends on more than knowing exercise is beneficial.

The findings identify potentially useful supports, not a proven package that every patient needs. They also do not establish which factor matters most. Adherence means carrying out an agreed exercise plan, but studies measured it differently. Attending sessions, staying enrolled, and completing the intended amount of exercise are not interchangeable. A program can look successful by one measure and less successful by another.

How Does This Show Up in Real Life?

For someone managing a long-term condition, the useful question is what makes the next session possible. A supervised class may offer reassurance and social contact, yet travel can make attendance difficult. Home exercise may remove that barrier but provide less immediate support. The authors favor exploring these circumstances with the participant instead of assuming that one setting suits everyone. They also emphasize progress that the person can understand. Being able to recognize a meaningful improvement may matter more than receiving an unexplained test score. When exercise keeps dropping out of the week, this evidence points toward discussing the obstacle, the exercise experience, and available help. It does not justify blaming motivation before checking whether the plan is realistic for that person's symptoms and circumstances.

The underlying evidence uses inconsistent definitions and covers very different conditions and exercise programs. Research volunteers may also be more motivated or less severely affected than patients in ordinary care. Although maintaining exercise beyond a program is discussed, these findings do not establish which support produces lasting participation once supervision or other assistance is withdrawn.

Why We Cite It

For Alpekin, the technology findings raise a specific design question: does a digital feature reduce effort, or add another burden? Setup difficulty, cost, and confidence using devices can matter. This gives Alpekin a reason to examine usability before assuming that more tracking or more features will make a health service easier to sustain.

The evidence is most useful as a guide to questions, not a universal prescription. A missed session can reveal a mismatch between a person and a plan. Understanding that mismatch is a more constructive starting point than treating attendance as a simple measure of willpower.

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