Source notes

Moore DR, Sygo J, Morton JP. Fuelling the female athlete: Carbohydrate and protein recommendations. European Journal of Sport Science. 2022;22(5):684–696. doi:10.1080/17461391.2021.1922508.

Study type: Narrative review. This note uses the freely available full author manuscript and published abstract.

Do female athletes need different carbohydrate and protein rules from male athletes? The authors examine research on storing and replacing carbohydrate, using fuel during exercise, and rebuilding body proteins afterward. They consider menstrual hormones alongside food intake and training demands. Their conclusion is cautious: existing evidence does not justify separate carbohydrate and protein guidelines solely on the basis of sex, provided energy needs are met. They recommend using established sports-nutrition guidance as a starting point, then adapting it to the athlete's activity, goals, and menstrual symptoms.

That conclusion does not establish that women and men are physiologically identical. Some differences in fuel use appear in experiments without changing the ability to complete the exercise. Much of the protein evidence also relies on short-term measures of protein synthesis rather than long-term outcomes such as strength, performance, or training adaptation. The review weighs those distinctions; it does not test one complete eating plan against another in a new trial.

So What Does This Actually Mean for You?

A useful recovery plan starts with the work you are doing and enough food to support it. A woman training twice a day may have a more urgent need to replace carbohydrate than someone with a long break before the next session. Protein matters across the recovery period, so meals throughout the day deserve attention alongside whatever you eat immediately afterward. The authors also emphasize nutrient-rich whole foods, rather than assuming recovery requires supplements. None of this means ignoring menstrual symptoms. It means adjusting around your actual experience and training needs without assuming that every cycle phase requires a separate formula. The condition about enough energy matters: carbohydrate and protein advice cannot be read in isolation from overall food intake.

Where the Evidence Runs Out

Female participants remain underrepresented, and studies differ in training, prior diet, contraceptive use, and cycle assessment. Some recommendations rely partly on male research. Trials that control these factors and reproduce real training or competition are needed before precise female-specific targets can be treated as established.

Why We Cite This Source

This review helps explain why recovery nutrition can be personal without needing entirely different rules for every woman. It gives readers a reason to prioritize sufficient fuel and regular protein intake while keeping claims about hormone-specific requirements in proportion to the evidence.

The Bottom Line in One Paragraph

The authors find too little evidence to replace general carbohydrate and protein guidance with separate female rules. Their practical position is to start with established principles and personalize them. Meeting energy needs is an essential condition, not a minor detail.

Read the Original Research: DOI https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2021.1922508 · PubMed https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34015236/ · Journal https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1080/17461391.2021.1922508