Water-Soluble Vitamins: Why “You’ll Just Pee Out the Extra” Is Too Simple
Water-soluble vitamins differ in absorption and storage, so urinary excretion does not guarantee that excess supplement doses are harmless.
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Water-soluble vitamins differ in absorption and storage, so urinary excretion does not guarantee that excess supplement doses are harmless.
Iron absorption depends on chemical form and meal composition as well as the body’s iron stores, so intake alone does not show how much is absorbed.
Vitamin E protects membrane lipids, but high-dose supplements have not shown clear benefits for preventing heart disease or cancer in healthy adults.