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Ventilatory threshold is an exercise intensity at which ventilation begins to increase disproportionately relative to oxygen uptake during progressively harder exercise. It is identified from changes in ventilation and respiratory gas exchange during a cardiopulmonary exercise …
Villi are small, finger-like projections of the mucosal lining of the small intestine. The singular form is villus. They project into the intestinal lumen and substantially increase the surface area available for absorption. Most of the …
Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin that includes L-ascorbic acid and compounds with equivalent biological activity. In the body, ascorbic acid exists mainly in its ionized form, ascorbate. Humans cannot synthesize vitamin C because they lack …
Vitamin D refers to a group of fat-soluble compounds that function mainly as precursors to a hormone involved in calcium and phosphate regulation. Its two principal forms are vitamin D3, or cholecalciferol, and vitamin D2, or …
A warm-up prepares for training or competition using active or passive strategies, without guaranteeing immediate protection from injury.
Water hardness is a measure mainly of dissolved calcium and magnesium ions in water. Certain other metal ions can contribute, but usually occur in smaller amounts. These minerals enter water as it interacts with rocks and …
The Z-disc, also called the Z-line or Z-band, is a protein-rich structure that marks the boundary between neighboring sarcomeres, the repeating contractile units of striated skeletal and cardiac muscle. Each sarcomere extends from one Z-disc to …
Zymogens are inactive or weakly active precursor forms of enzymes that undergo a molecular change before acquiring their full catalytic activity. They are also called proenzymes. Zymogen formation is particularly common among proteases, enzymes that hydrolyze …
p-Cresol is a small organic compound also called 4-methylphenol. Its structure contains a benzene ring with a hydroxy group, made of oxygen and hydrogen, and a methyl group, made of carbon and hydrogen. The “p” stands …
